Deutsche Saatveredelung AG (DSV) is one of the leading mid-sized plant breeders and seed production com- panies in Germany. The company specialises in the breeding, production and marketing of grasses for animal feed and lawns, oilseed crops, clover, various cover crops, grains, maize and sorghum. This brochure is a translation from German. Some units used in the original German document may need clarification. The following equivalents apply: 1 tonne = 1.000 kg, 1dt = 100 kg

1.1 Lupin species Around 2000 BC, lupin was as popular as grain in Egypt. In Mediterranean countries the crop was first mentioned in scriptures that date back 3000 years. In fact, our ancestors knew very well that lupins contained alkaloids – bitter-tasting and poorly digestible constituents – and therefore they washed the seeds in seawater to make them digestible.This is no longer necessary today, because breeders have been able to breed varieties with lower levels of bitter substances. These varieties are known as sweet lupins. The generic term “lupin” covers a number of different species. There are three species that are cropped in Central Europe: yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus), white lupin (Lupinus albus) and the narrow-leafed lupin, which is known as blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius). The term “blue lupin” originates from a time when there were only blue-flowered forms of the narrow-leafed lupin. Today, we have a much wider colour spectrum. White lupin is also referred to as broad-leaf lupin, because it has the broadest leaves within the lupin family. The narrow-leaf lupins have always been the predominant crop, because yellow and white sweet lupins were too susceptible to anthracnose. The three species differ fundamentally in terms of their soil and climate requirements, crop management and harvest quality. In this respect, yellow lupin is very similar to rye, blue lupin to barley and white lupin to wheat. Botanically speaking, lupin is a legume. Legumes maintain a symbiotic relationship with nodule bacteria and this relationship enables them to fix atmospheric nitrogen and make it available to the entire rotation. 4 | DSV White Lupin Lupin species

1.2 Breeding lupin Farmers ceased growing white lupin in the 1990’s after the stands were massively infested with the fungal disease anthracnose. In 2001, the German agricultural research institute “Landwirtschaftliche Lehranstalten (LLA) Triesdorf/Mittelfranken” initiated a breeding programme aimed at developing varieties that were tolerant to anthracnose. The goal was come up with a breed that presented a significant improvement to yield and allowed growers to re-introduce white lupin in their rotations. As a first step, the breeders sourced gene bank material from different parts of the world and tested it for anthracnose tolerance. Then, by crossing suitable strains, they developed a steadily growing gene pool of anthracnose-tolerant breeding material. In 2012, the programme led to a research project which selected anthracnose-tolerant strains and submitted them to a comprehensive trial, the first of its kind. The research activities of the three project partners, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture (LfL), LLA Triesdorf and Deutsche Saatveredelung AG (DSV) aimed at registering a variety of candidates at the Federal Plant Variety Office for Value for Cultivation and Use (VCU) testing. 20 lines of white lupin selected by LLA Triesdorf were trialled at six different sites over a period of three years. The focus was on resistance, grain yield and further agronomic parameters. In various weather and field conditions, the breeding lines produced grain yields that were on average 40 % to 60 % higher than those produced by the approved reference varieties, which were susceptible to anthracnose. In addition to that, the breeders documented an improved crop health, both in conventionally and organically farmed trial plots. In 2019, the Federal Plant Variety Office approved FRIEDA and CELINA as the first anthracnose-tolerant white lupin varieties. The foremost target in white lupin breeding is to achieve a constant improvement of anthracnose tolerance. Anthracnose tolerance means that the plant may still catch the disease, but to a much lesser extent than the varieties that are susceptible to anthracnose. In anthracnose-tolerant crops the disease spreads more slowly, which translates into a substantial improvement of yield stability. Another priority of the breeding programme is to increase the yield potential and lower the alkaloid content in the plant along with advancing maturity so that harvest can commence between August and mid-September. These aims have been met by FRIEDA and CELINA, which are two of the earliest varieties in our product range (see also page 43). 6 | DSV White Lupin Breeding lupin

1.3 Soil fertility Soil fertility is the foundation of sustainable farming. In organic farming, legumes are indispensable for a fertile soil. Lupins are nitrogen collectors that develop a strong and wide-branching system of roots, which improves the soil texture. Furthermore, lupins are capable of breaking down phosphorus, which is not readily available, thus making it available as a nutrient. The root system Lupins form taproots that penetrate the soil as deep as two metres. Their strong and branching roots break up compacted soils as an essential contribution to improving the soil texture. The root channels enable air and water to reach the deeper layers of the soil. As the water in these root channels freezes in winter, it breaks up the soil, thereby loose- ning it. In addition, the uptake of nutrients from the deeper layers, as well as water absorption and water storage capacity are improved. This allows the plants to absorb the subsoil nutrients before these are washed away. As a legume, white lupin fixes atmospheric nitrogen in symbiosis with its nodule bacteria (bradyrhizobium lupini), which are known as rhizobia. This process is not only beneficial for white lupin itself but also for the subsequent crops. It is this enormous pre-crop value that allows growers to reduce their nitrogen inputs in the subsequent crop – provided they observe some rules in the rotation. 8 | DSV White Lupin Soil fertility

1.4 Comparing lupin with other grain legumes Growing grain legumes locally is an intriguing option for farmers, because the crop is a good source of protein and a good substitute for imported soya. This paragraph assesses the individual lupin species in terms of yield potential and looks at the advantages of white lupin over soybean, field peas, field beans and blue lupin. An excellent database for the comparison is the VCU database of the Federal Plant Variety Office (BSA) which includes data across two years. In 2017 and 2018, field pea, field bean, blue and white lupin species were submitted to parallel tests at nine different locations in Germany. White lupin yielded the highest crude protein levels d n a a h / t d l s d e Y i ) % ( s l e v e l i n e t o r p e d u r c 70 50 30 20 10 White lupin Pea Field bean Blue lupin 16 12 8 4 0 a h / t d l s d e y i i n e t o r p e d u r C Crude protein yields dt/ha, n=8 Crude protein content (%) (at 86 % DM), n=8 Yields dt/ha, n=9 Source: BSA, VCU Annual Reports 2017 and 2018, orthogonally audited sites; White lupins: Average performance of FRIEDA and CELINA Yielding an average of 47.3 dt/ha over both trial years, white lupin (varieties FRIEDA and CELINA) performed well, achieving about the same yields as field bean and signifi- cantly higher yields than blue lupin. This performance was exceeded only by peas which yielded 60 dt/ha of grains. However, the yield levels achieved in the VCU tests were clearly higher than the typical pea yields. This may be attributed to the choice of the subsequent crop in the trial rotation, which was different from typical rotations; after all, field peas respond more sensitively to a narrow crop rotation than the other species. A very intriguing aspect of white lupin is its very high protein content. With a protein content of about 32 % at an 86 % dry matter content, the protein level is significantly higher in white lupin than in field beans and field peas and 4 % higher than in blue lupin. This explains why white lupin delivered by far the highest protein content in the tests, reaching 14.6 dt/ha. 10 | DSV White Lupin Comparing the species

More drought tolerant than field beans and easier to harvest than peas In the drought years 2018 and 2019, white lupin crops that were growing on more continental climate sites showed a better yield stability and produced higher protein levels than field beans and peas. White lupin is also less sensitive to soil compaction and foot diseases than peas and has been significantly more aphid resistant than field beans and peas. In fact, common aphid species such as black bean aphids or green pea aphids do not infest lupins. Nano viruses have not been detected in lupins as yet and lab-induced infections with various aphid species have not been successful either. Unlike peas, white lupin is easy to harvest when lodged and grain losses are typically lower than with peas and field beans. 12 | DSV White Lupin Comparing the species

2.1 Crop management Growing grain legumes is more demanding than growing grain. A critical factor in making white lupin a success is selecting the proper field. Site conditions Although lupins can be grown in nearly any type of soil, white lupin is more demanding than blue or yellow lupin. White lupin should not be grown: in 1) very light and sandy soils with a score of less than 25, 2) in dry regions with a low yield potential and 3) at altitudes above 500 m (late harvests in October). Thanks to its deep taproot which enables white lupin to access water in the deeper soil layers, this variety offers an excellent drought tolerance and yield stability. This advantage is, however, of no benefit in extremely shallow soils. In deep and good soils, yields can reach 40 – 60 dt/ha. A major issue is waterlogging, which causes foot diseases and diseases on the emerging plants. Furthermore, growing white lupin near wooded areas should be avoided, because it is palatable to game and may result in damage. Pigeons, too, can cause serious losses in stands near cities as they feed on lupin from the moment the crop emerges until canopy closure. When the canopy closes the birds lose their landing space and stop feeding on lupin. White lupin tolerates late frosts down to temperatures of -7 °C, which makes it suitable also for those areas where late frosts are not an exception. Blue and yellow lupins prefer acidic soils yet white lupin also tolerates pHs down to 7.3, contradicting the common opinion that 6.8 is the upper limit. At the same time, the pH should not be lower than 5.5. In the literature pH is usually used as the only soil parameter, because soils with high lime content usually have high pH levels. Lime in this context is free lime content, i.e. calcium carbonate (CaCO3). This free lime prevents lupins from absorbing the full amount of iron that is required by the nodules for fixing nitrogen, which leads to a nitrogen deficiency in the plant, i.e. yellowish leaves and stunted growth (lime-induced chlorosis). The lime content in the soil can be easily determined by carrying out a hydrochloric acid test using 10 % hydrochloric acid (see page 15). If the level is found to be less than 3 %, the field will be suitable for growing the crop. If the lime content is between 3 % and 10 %, it is recommended to carry out an initial test. 14 | DSV White Lupin Crop management

A differential diagnosis for testing soils for legume fatigue To test a field for legume fatigue, sample some soil from a representative patch. Then split the sample in two portions. Give one portion a heat treatment and the other no treatment. Then sow white lupin seeds into both samples. If you find growth is much better in the heated rather than in the untreated sample, you will have to anticipate symptoms of biological soil fatigue, such as foot diseases. Such a test should be carried out three months before seeding. The following material is required: • 10 litres of moist soil (a sieved (10 mm) sample from a representative plot) • 4 fireproof bowls (1 litre) covered with aluminium foil • 8 pots (1 litre) with saucers • 40 healthy white lupin seeds • A pair of scales (0.1 g accuracy) Evaluation: Evaluate the samples six weeks after seeding. This may be done earlier if you detect clear disease symptoms on the plants in the control (non-heat treated) bowl. The evaluation consists of a visual inspection but also of weighing the biomass. To do this, cut the shoots at two centimetres from the ground and weigh the fresh mass from each bowl. If the fresh mass weight from the untreated soil is more than 80 % than the biomass weight obtained from the heat-treated soil, there is presumably no reason to worry about biological soil fatigue. If the fresh mass weight from the untreated soil is between 20 % and 80 % of the fresh mass weight in the heat-treated sample, there is reason to worry about a biologically induced soil fatigue in wet and cool weather. The lower this weight, the greater will be the risk of legume fatigue when weather conditions get wet and cool. The higher this weight, the greater will be the chance of seeing a good crop performance in good weather conditions. If the fresh mass weight from the untreated soil is less than 20 % of the fresh mass weight obtained from the heat-treated soil, expect to see severe soil fatigue symptoms – regardless of the weather. 16 | DSV White Lupin Differential diagnosis

Fertiliser application White lupin does not require nitrogen treatment because it can fix atmospheric nitrogen with the help of nodule bacteria (rhizobia). However, one should ensure that all other major nutrients are readily supplied for optimal conditions for the nodule bacteria. High nitrogen inhibits rhizobia development on lupin roots. By comparison, phosphorus is an important nutrient, because it supports the supply of energy to the rhizobia. The phosphorus levels are three times higher than in the roots or shoots. A treatment at rates of 10 – 15 kg/ha is required only in soils with a supply of phosphorus at either the A or B level. Potassium is important for controlling the plant's water balance and promoting drought tolerance. A potassium deficiency inhibits the development of rhizobia. The application rate should be 40 – 80 kg/ha, especially in light soils. Magnesium is an essential component of chlorophyll and is involved in the protein synthesis and in starch transport. Ion antagonism should be taken into account, because excessive levels of cations in the soil solution (H+, Ca2+, K+, NH4 +) inhibit the uptake of MgO. In drought periods, magnesium is not readily available in the soil; the recommended application rate is 10 – 20 kg/ha. Special attention should be given to sulphur, because this is involved in many internal processes in the plant, especially in the symbiotic relationship of the host plant and its rhizobia. A lack of sulphur also inhibits N-fixation (nitrogen fixation). Sulphur requirements are covered by applying potassium sulphate or kieserite, or alternatively elemental sulphur, to the stubble of the previous crop. Applying epsomite is not sufficient to cover crop requirements in sulphur-poor soils. Another important micronutrient is boron, which plays a major role for developing nodule bacteria. The requirement here is about 150 g/ha. Boron is in short supply during drought periods and should be applied shortly before canopy closure. In high yielding crops and/or in drought conditions, additional boron should be added during BBCH 39 – 51. Plants require boron along with calcium and potassium for cell wall formation and for cell division. The micronutrient is also important for various metabolic processes (e.g. carbohydrate metabolism, protein balance, hormone metabolism) and for sugar formation, as well as for the formation of green cells. In addition to giving structure and stability to the cell wall, boron also promotes the formation of pollen tubes during flowering. As a result, boron deficiency often inhibits the generative development, which can result in harvest losses. 18 | DSV White Lupin Crop management

If the weather is warm enough, the plants emerge rapidly and show a vigorous early growth and early canopy closure. All these factors combine to reduce the weed pressure. Therefore, seeding should be scheduled to ensure sufficiently moist soils for effective pre-emergent herbicide control. Lupin is more tolerant to late seeding dates than field beans, for example. The depth should definitely be 3 – 4 cm. An epigaeic germinator, white lupin is not well suited for deep seed placement as this may lead to yield losses. The optimum seed rate is between 50 and 60 germinable seeds/m². Higher seed rates increase the storage risk and will not boost yield levels. By comparison, in lower-yielding or dry fields (reduced branching), in very heavy soils (poor emergence) or in harrowed fields the rate should be increased by 10 %. The typical seed rate is between 180 – 260 kg/ha, depending on crop TGW and germination capacity. Pneumatic seeders are the best choice or handling the high 350 – 430 g TWG. Growers who use mechanical seeders will verify that the delivery tubes are not blocked and seed delivery is smooth. Row spacings can be identical with those for cereals, which ensures a good crop distribution and effective weed suppression after canopy closure. Wider row spacings are recommended in organic farming and mechanical weed control but should not exceed 35 cm, to that the canopy can close. Seeds No doubt, the seed material must be certified. After all, anthracnose (Colle- totrichum lupini) is the most dreaded lupin disease and is largely transmitted by the seeds. Certified seeds have been tested for anthracnose in the seed certification procedure, which makes them the single most effective measure for preventing anthracnose. The use of farm-saved seeds is prohibited by law. Inoculation with rhizobia Seeds that are sown after more than 8 – 10 years since the last lupin or serradella crop should be carefully inoculated with a lupin rhizobia agent. This should take place immediately before seeding to ensure a good development of the nodule bacteria. The inoculants are available as liquids or peats. Manufacturer instructions on the proper use must be observed. As the agents lose their efficacy quickly after the inoculation, they should be applied to the seeds immediately before seeding. For the bacteria in the inoculant to stay healthy and active, the agent must not be exposed to sunlight 20 | DSV White Lupin Crop management

A very good and certainly more effective implement than the harrow is a mechanical weeder, which in fact is the best choice to deal with high weed pressures. As the air flow through the crop increases, the risk of catching anthracnose decreases. Harvest and storage White lupin is usually harvested between mid-August and the first week of September, which means about two or three weeks later than field beans and up to four weeks earlier than soybean. Although the varieties CELINA and FRIEDA are very precocious compared to most other varieties, they tend to form side shoots in wet July/August weather, which will delay harvest significantly. Harvesting white lupin is very easy and quick. The stands usually grow to a height of 60 – 80 cm and to more than 1 m during favourable conditions and wet years. The pods stand upright and the lowest pod crown is usually about 15 – 20 cm from the ground. Unlike soybean with low-hanging pods that should be harvested with a draper header to avoid significant losses, white lupin is less likely to produce losses on the header. This is because the pods are burst-resistant – unlike blue lupin, for example. In addition, the pods ripen quite consistently and even lodged stands can be combined. If lodging occurs before pod formation, the plants usually straighten up again, which is no longer possible after podding when they become too heavy. Full ripeness is reached when the straw has turned brown and the grains rustle in the pods after the umbilical cord has detached from the back seam. Lupin grains are large and make clean samples. The grain moisture should range between 12 % and 16 %. Although grain moisture may be low in dry years, this is not an issue thanks to the low risk of pods bursting, however gentle threshing is very important. This means that drum speeds should be as slow as possible and concave gaps as wide as possible. Axial flow combines seem to be gentler on the grains and produce less crackage. Choosing the best harvest date may be difficult in wet years when it is difficult to assess maturity. Therefore, harvest may have to start spontaneously to take advantage of a dry spell. The residual moisture will be high in stands that don’t mature uniformly or are exposed to wet weather in late summer. 22 | DSV White Lupin Crop management

2.2 Pathogens Fungi Lupin Wilt Fusarium spp. / Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium fungus is a pathogen that thrives in hot temperatures and causes foot- and wilt diseases in a wide variety of host plants. It requires soil temperatures of more than 15 °C, ideally between 25 °C and 30 °C, and its spores are spread by ground water, wind or infested residues, and invade the plants through the root tips or injuries. The first symptoms of an infestation usually appear during the flowering stage when the plant shows signs of wilting and a typical brown discolouration of the tissue. The root however remains intact. The discolouration is revealed when cutting through the stem. Here, the spores form pinkish / salmon-coloured clusters. Later on, the discolouration will appear, also on the surfaces. An effective measure to reduce the spore potential in the soil is by introducing breaks in the rotation. Another option is to control sitona at a very early stage, because the soil-borne pathogens are transmitted to the plants by the larvae as these feed on them in May. Pythium spp. – Fungal Soft Rot Pythium ultimum / Pythium irregulare Pythium spp. is a soil-borne pathogen that occurs in lupins and infests mainly the young seedlings. The fungus occurs predominantly in compacted soils and in cold and wet conditions. It is spread by ground water, contaminated biomass and insects. Infestation occurs primarily during germination and early growth and affects the root from the tip to the crown. The stem of an infested plant bends over in its soft and constricted area. Stem areas close to the ground or underground become brown and partly stunded, shrivelled or rotten. Plants that are infested at a later stage show a less vigorous growth, yellowing or withering. Measures for reducing the risk of infesta- tion are long breaks in the rotation and the use of healthy seeds. 24 | DSV White Lupin Pathogens

Black Root Rot Thielaviopsis basicola Black root rot is caused by a fungus and thrives on many different host plants, including legumes (clover, lupins, lucerne, peas and beans), tobacco, carrots, lettuce and cucumber. Lupins are infected by resting spores that hibernate in the soil, germinate in the spring and actively penetrate the root system of the plants. The first symptoms are thin lesions in the young root. These cause unspecific necroses: the roots shrivel and wither and the pinnate leaves show symptoms of unspecific nutrient deficiency. On older plants, the main root falls apart when it is pulled from the soil; heavily infested plants die. Surviving in the soil for a long period of time, resting spores are not very reliant on the presence of crop residues in the field but they must infest a living plant in order to reproduce. Preferring neutral and alkaline soils, and also wet soils, black root rot thrives when the crop rotation contains a high number of potential host crops. The fungus is transmitted to other fields by spores clinging to soil particles or insects. A potential infestation can only be detected at an early stage by using a microscopic method. Symptoms showing at a later date may be mistaken for a nutrient deficiency. The typical lesions (“dash symptoms”) caused by the pathogen to the plant and the permanent spores to the roots and cotyledons can only be detected with a magnifying glass. One measure for control- ling the spore burden in the soil is a longer interval between two lupin crops. Another is to clean implements and machines after using them in an infested field to avoid spreading the disease to uncontaminated fields. 26 | DSV White Lupin Pathogens

Rhizoctonia Rhizoctonia solani The fungus survives in the soil by forming a compact mass of fungal mycelium (sclerotia) on roots and residues. The number of potential host plants is large and includes maize, potato, sugar beet, field bean and soybean. The infested plant will either die during its seedling stage or early growth. Factors that promote an infestation are plant injuries, compacted soil, primary infections with other pathogens and also cool and wet weather. This said, the fungus is also able to infect plants that are not damaged. The initial signs of an early infection are large gaps in the emerging crop. Later infections cause the seedlings to bend over. Typical symptoms are oval and dark brown necroses at the base of the stem. The leaves may also turn pale, because the fungus damages the vascular bundles, which in turn leads to nutritional deficiencies. The use of healthy, e-treated certified seeds contributes to a healthy crop, especially during the first weeks after seeding. Well-timed sowing, optimum seedbed preparation and a good soil texture help accelerate early growth. Growers who rely on mechanical weed control should carefully avoid damaging the plants, because injured plants are easily invaded by soil-borne pathogens. 28 | DSV White Lupin Pathogens

* Pathogens Insects Sitona Weevil Sitona spp. Sitona is the main lupin pest and can destroy up to 40 % of the crop’s yield potential. Feeding on the leaves, the weevils migrate into the stands during emergence in March and April. Starting from the edge, they eat semi circles into the leaves. This type of damage is typical for the early growth period and may increase to the extent that the entire leaf is eaten all the way to the stem. However, compared to nodule-eating larvae, foliage- eating weevils are a rather small problem, because the larvae can destroy up to 40% of the nodules and 10 – 40 % of the yield potential. Egg laying begins at an early stage. The females lay up to 1,000 eggs over a period of up to three months. The larvae hatch after about three weeks and feed on the root nodules by hollowing them. This impairs the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen and inhibits growth so that less nitrogen is available for the following crop. Sitona prefers light soils. Control measures will only be effective, if applied before egg laying, i.e. between the cotyledon- and 6-leaf stages. One measure is to promote its predators, such as ground beetles and spiders, by creating, managing and preserving healthy field edge structures. * Source: Prof. Dr Christine Struck, Rostock University 30 | DSV White Lupin Pathogens

3.1 Pre-crop value When grain legumes are added to a rotation it will change the interactions of all the crops within the rotation and their performance. The most significant argument for adding a legume to the rotation is its ability to fix nitrogen and make it available to the following crops. Apart from that, there are many other pre-crop values and beneficial effects for the rotation: - Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen - Mobilising soil phosphate - Diversified rotation - Humification benefits - Improved soil texture - Increased soil life - Reduced tillage - Reduction of diseases and pests - An extra spring crop in the rotation - Staggered harvest peaks - Reduced herbicide resistances - Opportunity of adopting EU agri-environment climate measures As we assess the productivity of grain legumes, we need to look beyond the subsequent crop and at the crop that follows, and ultimately at the entire rotation. This is necessary, because the monetary gain of a legume crop doesn’t appear in the contribution margin of the legume itself but in the margins of the subsequent crops. Assessing the monetary gain of lupin pre-crop value From a monetary point of view, the pre-crop value is obtained by reduced direct and labour costs on the one hand, and by increased yields in the subsequent crops on the other. Yet, evaluating the monetary gain is a very complex undertaking, because yields and growing conditions vary and so will N inputs and N savings. The examples and calculations discussed below refer to conventional farming schemes. In organic farming, the pre-crop value of lupin would be higher in the first place. The pre-crop value is generated primarily by the surplus yield of the following crop (surplus yield dt/ha by market price c/ha). Assuming an average production price of 18 c for grain, we would have to credit 126 c /ha to the grain legume when the surplus yield of the subsequent grain crop (wheat or barley) is 7 dt/ha (see table “Surplus yields in the subsequent crop”, page 33). It becomes clear that each decitonne of extra yields in the following crop translates into a significant increase in the pre-crop value of legumes – especially in times of very high grain production prices. 32 | DSV White Lupin Pre-crop value

3.2 Value creation There is the persistent argument that growing lupin creates only little value per hectare, even if its pre-crop value is included in the calculation. The truth is that growers can indeed generate financial gain from growing legumes – for a number of reasons. One is that legume growers in the EU have access to certain funding by applying for Agri-Environment Climate Measures (AECM). Another reason is that white lupin offers a much larger yield potential than blue and yellow lupin. Yet, assessing the viability of grain legumes, we need to look beyond yield levels, because its benefits are neither always measurable nor translate into hard figures. These benefits are discussed in the section “Pre-crop value”. Particularly in rotations that are predominantly grain, legumes break disease chains, improve the soil texture, fix significant amounts of nitrogen and make it available to the subsequent crops, plus provide further benefits that lead to surplus yields in the subsequent crops – all of which are not assigned to grain legumes in many profitability calculations. Yet, when assessing the viability of growing grain legumes it is essential to include the pre-crop value in the contribution margin. There are more benefits that are not included in the profitability calculation – such as an increased biodiversity or phytosanitary benefits – which don’t translate into immediate monetary gain although they contribute to a more sustainable way of farming. Setting market prices for lupins is currently difficult. Depending on how the crop is used, the following calculation employs a lupin substitution value that is based on the average long-term wheat price and the average long-term soybean price. Based on the good pre-crop value of lupin, the calculation assumes that the surplus yield of the following crop grows by 10dt/ha. This means that the producer price of wheat or soybean is included in the calculation. From 2010 to 2019, the average price for wheat was 18.05 c/dt and for soybean extraction meal (SES) (44 %) 34.5 c/dt. The aspect of using the crop either on the farm or selling it to another farm deserves special consideration. The value of grain legumes for animal feeds, especially for pigs but also for cattle, is sometimes much higher than the prices the crop achieves on the commodity markets. The feed value is based on the level of digestible protein (nXP) or the metabolizable energy (MJ ME) and praecaecally digestible lysine (pvc lysine), plus a price constellation of wheat and GM soybean meal. This calculation can produce feed value benefits of up to 10 c/dt for white lupin – storage and processing not taken into account. In view of a growing demand for GMO-free animal feeds, the feed value of domestically grown grain legumes should be assessed on the basis of the GMO-free soybean prices. This increases of the feed value of white lupin significantly. 34 | DSV White Lupin Value creation

3.3 Use and sales channels Human nutrition White lupin is one of the protein-richest crops. Ancient records show that legumes used to be grown in the Mediterranean countries as many as 3000 years ago when they were appreciated as a valuable food. Being a versatile ingredient in cholesterol-, gluten- and lactose-free foods, white lupin is gaining popularity, also in Germany where super- markets sell coffee, milk substitutes, ice cream and flour made from lupins. Apart from that, lupin is also used as a protein substitute for meat in vegan and vegetarian diets. As a protein isolate, lupin can be used as an emulsifier in fatty or oily foods such as soups, dressings, mayonnaise, baked goods, bread spreads and sausages. Containing polyunsaturated fatty acids and many minerals (K, Ca, Mg, Fe), carotenoids, vitamin A, B1 and E, white lupin is also very beneficial from a nutritional point of view. Food made from white lupin has a number of positive effects on the human health. People who suffer from rheumatism benefit from its extremely low purine levels which are known to create uric acid. Consequently, the crop also helps prevent gout and kidney problems. People who suffer from diabetes benefit from the low glycaemic index, which means the carbohydrates are made available very slowly so the blood glucose level increases slowly, too. In addition, white lupin contains a lot of dietary fibre, which leads to less flatulence and to better tolerance than that of other legumes. Lupins also contain anti-nutritive ingredients, the so-called alkaloids which are known as bitter substances and considered harmful to human health. Breeders have been able to significantly reduce the extremely high alkaloid levels in bitter lupins and deve- lop varieties with much lower levels of bitter substances. These are the so-called sweet lupins. A frequently stated threshold value for human nutrition is 0.02 % of OS (200 mg/kg). The rate may vary depending on the processing received for reducing alkaloids. Seeds with high alkaloid levels must be given a special treatment (debitte- ring) before they can be marketed as a food. 36 | DSV White Lupin Sales channels

Animal nutrition In animal nutrition, white lupin is particularly beneficial for pigs and cattle, but also for poultry, which is attributed to its high protein content and excellent digestibility. It has significantly higher crude protein and crude fat level than field beans and field peas. Crushed or ground, it can be used as an animal feed without receiving any pre- or post-treatment. This makes it much more suitable for on-farm and inter-farm use. The alkaloid threshold for animal nutrition is 0.05 % of the OS (500 mg/kg). This threshold is no problem, because lupin is fed in mixed rather than 100 % lupin rations. For an optimally balanced ration, it is important to observe the recommended prescriptions for white lupin and to carry out an ingredient analysis, including an alkaloid analysis. The high crude protein content is particularly important. Another advantage of lupin is the fact that it grows in Europe and requires no toasting prior to feeding. The following table shows the essential nutrient levels in white and blue lupin in comparison with soybean extraction meal. Nutrient levels in lupin and soybean extraction meal Feed White lupin Lupinus albus Blue lupin Lupinus angustifolius Soybean extraction meal Crude ash g/kg DM Crude protein g/kg DM Crude fat g/kg DM Crude fibre g/kg DM Starch g/kg DM Sugar g/kg DM 40 37 57 373 333 510 88 57 15 130 163 67 74 101 73 55 69 108 Sources: DLG Kleiner Helfer, 10. Edition 1999 When feeding pigs and poultry, the relatively high content of crude fibre must be taken into account, a high proportion of which consists of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). Unlike peas and field beans, lupin contains only small amounts of starch. Therefore it cannot replace the usually cheaper cereals in the ration. The low starch levels are beneficial for cattle because they reduce the risk of rumen acidosis. Its sugar and crude fat levels are somewhat higher than those in field beans and peas. Monogastric animals like pigs and poultry require an adequate supply of essential amino acids whereas 38 | DSV White Lupin Sales channels

Pigs White lupin also makes good pig feed, because it is rich in lysine. A comparison of various grain legumes and their energetic feed values shows that thanks to its higher fat content white lupin offers clear advantages over field beans and forage peas. A drawback however, is that it combines only to a limited extent with maize rations. Their higher crude fibre content makes them especially suitable as a feed for pregnant sows. However, like all native grain legumes it has only low levels of methionine and cystine and therefore must be supplemented by minerals to supply free amino acids to the ration. Alternatively, oilseed rape extraction meal can be used to compensate for the low methionine content. White lupin is less suitable in organic pig farming, because organic farmers can choose only from a few products that supply the essential methionine and cystine amino acids, one of which is sunflower cake. The amounts used in pig rations range from 5 % for piglets to 20 % for finishing pigs and sows. However, further research is yet to be done here. Up to the time of preparation of this document, there have been no white lupin pig feeding trials in Germany. Most of the advice that is offered by various sources is based on blue lupin calculations and trials. The following tables show an exemplary ration with reduced nitrogen and phosphorus levels for finishing pigs of weights between 65 kg and 90 kg. Example ration for medium-weight finishing pigs Feed Barley Wheat Soybean meal White lupin Minerals Total DM level (in %) Parameter Rate 40 38 11 8 3 100 ME Pig 13.05 MJ/kg DM Crude protein 16.4 %/kg DM Crude fibre Lysine 4.27 %/kg DM 1.01 %/kg DM Methionine & cystine 0.6 %/kg DM 40 | DSV White Lupin Sales channels

Thomas Haubold Manager, DSV Seed Breeding Station Leutewitz “ White lupin is an easy-to-manage crop. Its strong and deep taproot extracts water very efficiently from dry soils. In the drought years 2018 and 2019, the average white lupin yields were 44 dt/ha in our plots. And despite an enormously dry spring, we achieved yields of 35 dt/ha in 2020.” 42 | DSV White Lupin Varieties

Selected lupin growth stages and their BBCH codes BBCH Code Definition 00 Germination 01 Dry seed 03 Seed imbibition 05 Radicle emerges from seed coat 07 Hypocotyl is half as long as the seed 09 Hypocotyl is twice as long as the seed 10 Emergence 11 Cotyledons break through the soil surface 15 Cotyledons completely unfolded 20 Rosette formation 21 1st and 2nd leaf unfolded 23 3rd and 4th leaf unfolded 25 5th leaf unfolded 29 Rosette formation completed (1st internode elongated to more than 1 cm) 30 Formation of side shoots 31 6th leaf unfolded 33 7th leaf unfolded 35 8th leaf unfolded 37 9th leaf unfolded 38 10th leaf unfolded 39 11 and more leaves unfolded 44 | DSV White Lupin BBCH-Code

White Lupin Brief Site requirements • Grows in all German climate regions • More demanding as to soil scores than blue lupin (at least 25 BP) • Grows on sites with pH below 7.3 • Low weed burden required Sowing date • At soil temperatures from 6 °C • Depending on the region, from mid-March to the end of April • Ploughing in autumn or spring in sufficiently dry soil • Min-till or direct seeding into well textured soils Sowing depth • 3 – 4 cm • Very deep seed depth will reduce yields significantly (epigaeic germination) Seed rate • 50 – 60 germinable grains/m² at 12 – 35 cm row spacings Seed treatment • Treatment with a rhizobium inoculum for lupins is recommended Seeds • Use only certified seeds: Seed saving is prohibited by law. This is to prevent the use of anthracnose-infested seeds. Harvest and storage • Harvest dates: Usually mid-August to mid-September • Lupin is ready for threshing when grain moisture is 13 – 16 %, Use (grains rustling in the pods) • Wide concave gap, minimum drum speed • Animal nutrition: For a balanced and optimum ration, observe the recommendations for white lupin percentages in feed rations and analyse for nutrients including alkaloid levels. • Human nutrition: Seek prior agreement with buyers on require- ments and nutrient levels incl. analyses (contract farming) Mechanical weed control • Intensive week control until canopy closure • Hoeing and/or harrowing • 2 – 3 blind harrowing passes before emergence • Harrowing at low speeds (approx. 2 km/h) • No harrowing between emergence and first leaf pair (thread leaf stage of the weeds) Chemical weed control • Ask for advice from public and private consultants • Registered herbicides are applied to pre-emergent broad-leafed weed (date: March 2022) 46 | DSV White Lupin Growers’ Brief

Deutsche Saatveredelung AG Weissenburger Straße 5 59557 Lippstadt, Germany Phone +49 2941 296 0 Fax +49 2941 296 100 info@dsv-saaten.de More information can be found on our website: www.dsv-seeds.com 3 2 / 1 0 - 7 5 8 8 0